Differences Between Probability and Statistics

Probability and statistics are two closely related mathematical subjects. Both use much of the same terminology and there are many points of contact between the two. It is very common to see no distinction between probability concepts and statistical concepts. Many times material from both of these subjects gets lumped under the heading â€Å"probability and statistics,† with no attempt to separate what topics are from which discipline. Despite these practices and the common ground of the subjects, they are distinct. What is the difference between probability and statistics? What Is Known The main difference between probability and statistics has to do with knowledge. By this, we refer to what are the known facts when we approach a problem. Inherent in both probability and statistics is a population, consisting of every individual we are interested in studying, and a sample, consisting of the individuals that are selected from the population. A problem in probability would start with us knowing everything about the composition of a population, and then would ask, â€Å"What is the likelihood that a selection, or sample, from the population, has certain characteristics?† Example We can see the difference between probability and statistics by thinking about a drawer of socks. Perhaps we have a drawer with 100 socks. Depending upon our knowledge of the socks, we could have either a statistics problem or a probability problem. If we know that there are 30 red socks, 20 blue socks, and 50 black socks, then we can use probability to answer questions about the makeup of a random sample of these socks. Questions of this type would be: â€Å"What is the probability that we draw two blue socks and two red socks from the drawer?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What is the probability that we pull out 3 socks and have a matching pair?†Ã¢â‚¬ What is the probability that we draw five socks, with replacement, and they are all black?† If instead, we have no knowledge about the types of socks in the drawer, then we enter into the realm of statistics. Statistics help us to infer properties about the population on the basis of a random sample. Questions that are statistical in nature would be: A random sampling of ten socks from the drawer produced one blue sock, four red socks, and five black socks. What is the total proportion of black, blue and red socks in the drawer?We randomly sample ten socks from the drawer, write down the number of black socks, and then return the socks to the drawer. This process is done five times. The mean number of socks is for each of these trials is 7. What is the true number of black socks in the drawer? Commonality Of course, probability and statistics do have much in common. This is because statistics are built upon the foundation of probability. Although we typically do not have complete information about a population, we can use theorems and results from probability to arrive at statistical results. These results inform us about the population. Underlying all of this is the assumption that we are dealing with random processes. This is why we stressed that the sampling procedure we used with the sock drawer was random. If we do not have a random sample, then we are no longer building upon assumptions that are present in probability. Probability and statistics are closely linked, but there are differences. If you need to know what methods are appropriate, just ask yourself what it is that you know.

Issues of Memory and Community at the Heart of the...

What are the issues of memory and community at the heart of the Australian History Wars? Attwood, Bain, ‘Contesting frontiers: history, memory and narrative in a national museum’, reCollections: Journal of the National Museum of Australia, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2006, pp. 103-114. This article provides information concerning: memories that society wants to acknowledge and pass on to future generations; the manner in which those memories are represented; the responsibility that society has to fully represent aspects of history while also brining into questions the unwillingness to recognise and respect different conceptions of history and how this can diminish the potential that museums have to advance cross-cultural understanding. This article is especially useful in addressing the issues of memory at the heart of the Australian history wars as it examines in detail the effect of the representation of memories, how they are framed, and in which formats they are reported, upon how they are received by an audience and by academia. The article addresses the factor that the relevance and validity of memories can be seen as discredited by academia because, in this case, they have not been sourced from written evidence by the party presenting the memory and therefore decrease their value from an empirical standpoint. The framing of a narrative is also especially important as in this article, the name under which evidence is presented has become key not only to how it is received butShow MoreRelated Childrens Literature Discussion Essay2900 Words   |  12 PagesChildrens Literature Discussion The history that makes us wish fairy tales did happen, that life were like a childrens book and we all lived happily ever after, is not an easy history to read or write. 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Definition of Cheating free essay sample

What does this mean in terms of our personal lives or needs? What does this mean to me, the writer, personally? To be honest I am not sure. My upbringing and moral codes tells me that cheating In Its standard form and deflation Is wrong. However, my sense of reality tells me that I do it, and have done it, knowingly many times and many ways through out my life. Cheating is an ugly fact of life, we all know it, but how do we harness it and when do we use it appropriately? Cheating can be good and it can be evil, what mechanisms do we use In our rationality to tell when the telling is right to cheat or lie?In our everyday lives we are all guilty of cheating in one way or another. If we were to define cheating solely by the definition provided above then we are all guilty of cheating for every little white lie we have told, guilty of cheating every time we play hookier from work and so on. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Cheating or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For me to personally define cheating it would not be for those little white lies we ell to save face or stave off embarrassment, or for those one or two days a year we call out of work Just to take a small break from the grind of the office.Cheating Is defined personally by me as any actions an Individual takes to impede upon someone else for their own personal gain. For example, a cheater is that shady friend that always cheats at your card games or the individual you know who is nice to your face but gossips about you behind your back. I feel someone Is cheating me when they fall to recognize my costive attributes. I had a Supervisor at work who would not ever give me credit when it was due to me.There had been times when I had made suggestions or performed my duties in an astounding way only to be cut down or cut off by her. Sometime later I found out she was presenting my suggestions as her own and taking credit for work I had done. When I presented this situation to her Supervisor she accused me of lying and trying to take her Job. I felt cheated then. I felt cheated because I always thought that money In a Supervisory role was someone I could look up to and trust. I thought a supervisor was someone who was professional, someone who would value my Ideas. Offer honest criticism, hold me accountable, and acknowledge the work I did. I felt cheated because I didnt expect that a Supervisor could be the opposite of my professional expectations, she was Instead someone who was intimidated by me. So do I feel guilty when I tell an overweight friend that those Jeans look fine on her when they in fact dont? Yes, I feel a little guilty.But I know deep down that in that moment the truth would hurt her and a discussion about her weight would be better I think that may Just be the mechanism that keeps our desire to cheat at bay. The ability to have timing and tact, the ability to know right from wrong, the sense of not wanting to cause harm to others and those around you. I believe cheating in a small sense may be natural and come easily to people. I also believe people are for the most part good on the inside and can differentiate the when, where, and how when it comes to cheating.

World View Analysis Report an Example by

World View Analysis Report People view the world by popular perspective, which is the whole brunt of what Zerubavel was saying in his book Time Maps. He says that there are so many conflicting interpretations of history and the varying versions coexist. Furthermore, he argues that people of the world as a collective, looks into the past and organizes the stories into interesting patterns of remembering, that there is an interesting way of how a large body of people construct social memory, in Freuds sense. Need essay sample on "World View Analysis Report" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed If we conform to Zerubavels claims that history as we read and learn from school is not a fixed set of stories, we will suspect that many alternative stories do exist, each narrating a version of how the past transpired and shaped the nations and societies on earth. The interesting point here is how these alternative stories got swamped and hidden from public thought, supposedly caused by a superior story that was able to survive in the history books. The growing suspicion is on the power of popular media. An example of a strong media is the New Testament, which gave people a world view of the greatness of the Catholic Church, swamping the hidden story of the Gnostics of Jerusalem. Another is Zerubavels provocation about the discovery of America by the Vikings and not Columbus. The existence of hidden versions of the past implies that there were stories who won a place in the official history and there were those deemed incredible and lost their bid for social memory. This is because history is written by the winners, as Asian scholars claim. The next generation would only read the versions of history that was written by the dominant on earth. In the events of the early 21st century, an objective observer can only discern how world views are shaped mostly by the international media groups such as Reuters and CNN, which are western institutions that revealed their obvious bias against the important hidden reasons of big events like the Iraq War of 2003. For instance, CNN frequently reported about weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in the early months of that war, and their continuous unfounded reporting could have been an official account of the Iraq War in World History if not for the revelations of Michael Moore that the weapons were a hoax. Even threats of terrorism were eventually revealed as exaggerations and if not for these dissenting voices, could have shaped collective memory (or world view in Zerubavels sense) and wrongly influenced the ne xt generation of human beings about the reasons for waging war with Iraq. Popular International Media is at fault here in this perversion of history and must bear the heavy responsibility of objective and investigative reporting about big world events. This is because historians frequently refer to news reports for evidence, much like we refer to the writings of Virgil about the history of Rome. Zerubavel said it right that recorded history must be continuously criticized and not taken at face value, because of the probable existence of hidden versions of what really happened in a specific epoch and locality. Stories are still recorded by human agents, which are entities not immune to bias or flickers of emotion. Exaggerations are prone and not improbable in social memory. In our current epoch, International Media plays a big role in shaping world view and it is fortunate that there are the likes of non-Western media groups like Al-Jazeera who provide opposing reports that balance the dominance of the Western perception. Bibliography Zerubavel, Eviatar. Time maps : Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past. Chicago, Ill. : University of Chicago Press, 2003.